Which amendment is related to clubs and their ability to control membership?

The correct answer is the 14th Amendment because it addresses issues of citizenship and the rights of individuals, which can relate to how private clubs manage their membership policies. The amendment includes the Equal Protection Clause, which prohibits states from denying any person within their jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. This has been interpreted to mean that clubs, particularly those that are open to the public, cannot discriminate against individuals based on race, gender, or other protected characteristics.

This connection is significant because it balances the rights of private organizations to control their membership against the need to adhere to anti-discrimination principles, especially when the club serves the public in some manner. In contrast, the other amendments referenced do not pertain directly to the control of membership in clubs. The 10th Amendment relates to state powers, the 1st Amendment protects freedoms concerning religion, expression, peaceable assembly, and the right to petition, while the 15th Amendment specifically addresses voting rights. These topics are important in their own right but do not influence the specific context of membership control within organizations.